Scalar a quantity that represents only magnitude (time, temp, volume)
Vector a quantity that represents magnitude and direction (displacement, velocity, acceleration or force)
Displacement (s) the distance and direction of a bodys movement
Velocity (V) - the rate of change in speed and direction of a bodys motion
Acceleration (a) is the rate and direction of a bodys change of velocity
Force (F) is a push or pull exerted on a body
Mass (m) the quantity of molecular material that comprises an object
Volume (v) the amount of space occupied by an object
Density (p) mass per unit volume
Weight (W) the force with which a mass is attracted toward the center of the earth by gravity
Force (F) product of mass and acceleration
Moment (M) a vector quantity equal to force (F) times the distance (d) from the point of rotation that is perpendicular to the force
Work (W) a force acting on a body and moves it. Equal to the product of the force and the distance of displacement
Power (P) the rate of doing work or work done per unit time
Energy (E) measures a bodys capability to doing work
Potential Energy (P.E.) bodys ability to do work because of its positive state of being and is a function of mass, gravity and height
Kinetic Energy (K.E.) is the ability of a body to do work because of its motion
Newtons Laws of Motion:
First Law The Law of Equilibrium : a body at rest tends to remain at rest and a body in motion tends to remain in motion (inertia). This motion tends to be in a straight line at constant velocity. Equilibrium is the absence of acceleration. The sum of all the forces ( lift vs weight and thrust vs drag ) all summed around the center of gravity total zero.
Trimmed Flight exist when the sum of the moments around the COG totals zero. If you are in equilibrium flight, then you are in trimmed flight but the reverse is not necessarily true!
Second Law An unbalanced force on an a body produces an acceleration in the direction of the force that is directly proportional to the force and the inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
Third Law For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (thrust versus hot gasses from a jet engine)
Properties of the Atmosphere:
Static Pressure the pressure each air particle exerts on another. Atmospheric static pressure decreases 1.0 inches of Hg per 1000 feet of climb.
Air Density the total mass of air particles per unit volume. Air density decreases with an increase in altitude.
Temperature a measure of the average kinetic energy of the air particles. The average lapse rate is the decrease in the airs temperature as you climb at a rate of 2 degrees Celsius per 1000 feet until 36,000 feet. From 35K to 80K feet the air stays at 56.5 degrees Celsius in the Isothermal Layer.
Humidity the amount of water vapor in the air. As humidity increases, air density decreases because water molecules have less mass and approximately the same volume.
Viscosity a measure of the airs resistance to flow and shearing. How air sticks to a surface. Air viscosity increases with an increase in air temperature.
Sound is wave motion not particle motion.
Local Speed of Sound the rate at which sound waves travel through a particular air mass. It is only dependent on air temperature. As the temperature of air increases, the speed of sound increases.
Standard Atmosphere:
A way of disregarding atmospheric changes and developing a baseline condition. It is a set of reference conditions giving average values of air properties as a function of altitude.
The General Gas Law:
Demonstrates the relationship between three properties in air: pressure, density and temperature P = density R T
Altitude Measurement:
Altitude the height above a given plane of reference
True Altitude the actual height above mean sea level
Pressure Altitude the height above the standard datum plane:pressure is 29.92in-HG
Density Altitude the altitude in the standard atmosphere where the air density is equal to local air density