• The basic concepts are position, direction, time, and speed

• Dead reckoning navigation is the basis for all types of air navigation

• The three major types of navigation are dead reckoning navigation, visual navigation, and electronic navigation

• The three primary flight instruments essential to dead reckoning are the compass for direction, clock for time, and airspeed indicator for speed

• The altimeter and the outside air temperature gauge provide altitude and temperature information used to calculate the effects of the air’s density

• Position is a geographic point defined by coordinates

• Direction is an irregular distance from a reference

• Time can be expressed in two ways, as the time of day or elapsed time

• Speed is the magnitude of velocity of an aircraft

• The two main types of Lambert conformal charts are the Operational Navigation Chart (ONC) and the Tactical Pilotage Chart (TPC)

OPERATIONAL NAVIGATION CHART (ONC)

• The ONC provides worldwide coverage at a scale of 1:1,000,000
• It contains multicolor hydrographic and cultural features and is used for planning long range navigation

• The TPC provides worldwide coverage at a scale of 1:500,000
• It provides increased details of ground features significant for visual and low-level radar navigation
• The TPC is the most commonly used chart for route and checkpoint determination

• Great circle is a circle formed by continuing the arc inscribed by connecting the shortest distance between two points on a sphere

• A great circle is a desirable route for navigation because it is the shortest distance between two points, saving both time and fuel

• Heading is the angular distance of the aircraft’s longitudinal axis from a reference (typically true north or magnetic north)

• Course is the aircraft’s intended flight path

• Track is the aircraft’s actual flight path over the ground

• Heading will differ from course in order to compensate for winds
• Track is the actual flight path over the ground and may differ from course due to winds

• Magnetic variation is the angular difference between true north and magnetic north from any given position on the earth’s surface

• In order to convert between True and Magnetic directions we add for westerly variation and subtract for easterly variation

• A plotter is a combination of a protractor and a straightedge and is used for drawing course lines and measuring direction
• Dividers are used primarily for measuring distances

• Plot the coordinates using the navigation plotter

• If the aircrew knows what radial of the TACAN the aircraft is currently on and the distance from the station, then the position of the aircraft can be determined
• The bearing distance heading indicator (BDHI) shows the magnetic bearing to the station and the tail displays the current radial and the distance is shown in the center
• Draw a line to plot the radial and then use the distance from the station and measure it on the radial drawn

• The local mean time must be converted to a common reference which is the time at the prime meridian called Greenwich Mean Time or GMT

• Zulu, "Z", is the alphabetic designator for the time zone centered on the zero-degree meridian
• The time zones are numbered from Zulu to indicate the number of hours difference from Greenwich Mean Time

• The most common source for Zone Descriptions is the IFR Enroute Supplement

• The CR-3 is a two-sided disk with a circular slide rule, or calculator, on the front and a graphic display for wind calculations on the back
• The rate index will be used for most problems that involve time
• The high speed rate index will be used for problems that involve short amounts of time
• The unit index is used for all mathematical functions that do not involve time
• The primary function of the cursor hairline is to input the temperature into the CR-3 for calculating True Air Speed

• Work practice problems in publication

• Work practice problems in publication

• Work practice problems in publication

• As surface pressure changes, an aircraft flying along a surface of constant pressure will increase and decrease altitude with pressure levels
• Low pressure to High pressure, plenty of sky upwards
• High pressure to low pressure, look out below

• Indicated airspeed is the airspeed read directly from the aircraft airspeed indicator

• Calibrated airspeed is indicated airspeed corrected for instrument installation error

• True airspeed is calibrated airspeed corrected for air density and is the speed of the aircraft through the air mass

• Ground speed is the actual speed of the aircraft relative to the ground and is found by correcting true airspeed for head/tail wind

• Work practice problems in publication

• Work practice problems in publication

• The air vector is the aircraft’s direction and speed represented by true heading (TH) and true airspeed (TAS)

• The ground vector is the aircraft’s intended or actual flight path (true course or track) and groundspeed (GS)

• The wind vector is the wind’s direction (DIR) and velocity (VEL)

• Crab angle is the amount of correction an aircraft must be turned into the wind in order to maintain the desired course
• Work practice problems in publication

• Work practice problems in publication

• Work practice problems in publication

• Work practice problems in publication

• Work practice problems in publication

• Work practice problems in publication

• The primary purpose of the jet log is fuel management

• Work practice problems in publication

• Work practice problems in publication

• Work practice problems in publication